John Cage: Sound and Silence

A survey of John Cage, his contemporaries and influences.
Maintained by Jared Steward

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Cage-related Events
Photos
Correspondence
Artifacts

People and Places
Josef Albers
Cathy Berberian
Black Mountain College
Pierre Boulez
Earle Brown
Sylvano Bussotti
Cornelius Cardew
John Cage
Jean Cocteau
Henry Cowell
Merce Cunningham
Willem de Kooning
Marcel Duchamp
Morton Feldman
Buckminster Fuller
Neil Jenney
Jasper Johns
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Gordon Mumma
Robert Rauschenberg
Gita Sarabhai
Erik Satie
Arnold Schoenberg
Karlheinz Stockhausen
Daisetsu Suzuki
Margaret Leng Tan
Virgil Thompson
Henry David Thoreau
David Tudor
Edgard Varese
Anton Webern
Christian Wolff
Stefan Wolpe


Compositions and Artwork, etc
Albers: Homage to the Square
Beethoven: Grosse Fugue
Boulez: Piano Sonatas
Brown: 3 Pieces for Piano
Brown: Folio
Brown: Four Systems
Brown: Music for Violin, Cello and Piano
Brown: New Piece
Brown: Octet I
Brown: Special Events
Brown: String Quartet
Cage: 0'0''
Cage: 4'33''
Cage: Aug. 29, 1952
Cage: A Flower
Cage: Aria
Cage: Cartridge Music
Cage: Cheap Imitation
Cage: Concerto for Prepared Piano & Orchestra
Cage: Empty Words
Cage: Fontana Mix
Cage: Freeman Etudes
Cage: In the Name of the Holocaust
Cage: M (book)
Cage: Music of Changes
Cage: Not Wanting To Say Anything About Marcel
Cage: ORGAN2/ASLSP
Cage: The Perilous Night
Cage: Piano Concerto
Cage: Primitive
Cage: Radio Music
Cage: Ryoanji
Cage: Second Construction
Cage: Silence (book)
Cage: Song
Cage: String Quartet
Cage: Suite for Toy Piano
Cage: Water Music
Cage: Variations III
Cowell: The Banshee
Cunningham: Objects
Cunningham: Summerspace
Cunningham: Torse
de Kooning: Villa Borghese
Duchamp: Bicycle Wheel
Duchamp: Sculpture Musicale
Feldman: Extensions
Feldman: In Search of an Orchestration
Feldman: Intermissions
Feldman: Intersection 2
Feldman: Ixion
Feldman: Out Of Last Pieces
Feldman: Projection
Feldman: Triadic Memories
Jenney: Man and Task
Johns: Flag
Kline: Painting No. 7
Rauschenberg: Ace
Rauschenberg: Black Market
Rauschenberg: Empire II
Rauschenberg: Erased de Kooning
Rauschenberg: Gift for Apollo
Rauschenberg: Gold Standard
Rauschenberg: Interview
Rauschenberg: Minutiae
Rauschenberg: Monogram
Rauschenberg: Night Hutch (Hoarfrost)
Rauschenberg: Pantomime
Satie: Socrate
Satie: Vexations
Schoenberg: Fourth String Quartet, Op. 37
Schoenberg: Piano Concerto
Schoenberg: String Trio, Op. 45
Thompson: Tiger! Tiger!
Varese: Ionisation
Webern: Symphonie
Wolff: For Piano
Wolff: For Prepared Piano
Photograph

Cheap Imitation album cover.
Recorded on a rainy day, March 7 1976, at Center for Contemporary Music, Mills College, Oakland, California. Digital remastering: RDS Milano. Production: Cooperativa Nuova Intrapresa. Edition: Cramps Music/Milano. Originally released on LP in 1977. Includes 32-page booklet with liner notes in Italian, French and English.
Sources: Soundohm and Aural Inventions

Cheap Imitation album cover.

Recorded on a rainy day, March 7 1976, at Center for Contemporary Music, Mills College, Oakland, California. Digital remastering: RDS Milano. Production: Cooperativa Nuova Intrapresa. Edition: Cramps Music/Milano. Originally released on LP in 1977. Includes 32-page booklet with liner notes in Italian, French and English.

Sources: Soundohm and Aural Inventions





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November 20, 2009, 12:30am

Quote
“Most people mistakenly think that when they hear a piece of music, that they’re not doing anything, but that something is being done to them. Now this is not true, and we must arrange our music, we must arrange our art, we must arrange everything, I believe, so that people realize that they themselves are doing it, and not that something is being done to them.”

— John Cage, in an interview by Roger Reynolds, Dec. 1961, Ann Arbor, MI.





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November 18, 2009, 11:13pm

Marathon Concert on November 21, 2009

Text

To benefit Mode Records

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2009 
The Abrons Arts Center, 466 Grand Street NYC
(at Grand and Pitt Streets)

Hosted by WNYC’s David Garland

EARLY SHOW 6 pm
• Philip Glass performs his solo piano works

• John Zorn’s “Cobra” with: Sylvie COURVOISER-piano, Annie GOSFIELD-keyboard, Ikue MORI-electronics, Eyal MAOZ and David WATSON-guitars, Zeena PARKINS-harp, Okkyung LEE and Fred SHERRY-cellos, Shanir BLUMENKRANZ-bass, Cyro BAPTISTA-percussion, Kenny WOLLESEN-drums, John ZORN-prompter

LATE SHOW 7:30 pm (approx. 4 hours of music)

including performances by:
Robert Ashley
David Behrman
Marco Cappelli
Andrea Centazzo
Andrew Culver
Tom Chiu
Stephen Drury
Isabelle Ganz
Joe Giardullo
John Heward
JACK Quartet
Margaret Leng Tan
Joe McPhee
Respect Sextet
Roger Reynolds

plus a rare performance of John Cage’s “Concert for Piano and Orchestra”with “Aria” featuring Isabelle Ganz, voice, Stephen Drury, piano soloist with an orchestra comprised of performers from the evening, conducted by Andrea Centazzo.

Music will include Cage, Coleman, Crumb, Glass, Scelsi, Sharp, Stockhausen, Sun Ra, Twining, Xenakis, Zorn and more.

After 25 years and over 200 releases, Mode Records now needs your help to continue producing the best of New Music.  Please support us with an evening of great music from these wonderful artists.

TICKETS

Early & Late Shows $50
Late Show only $30
Benefactor’s Balcony (with special bonuses) $125

Advance tickets available from
Mode Records: 212-979-1027 or mode@moderecords.com

and the Abrons Arts Center www.abronsartscenter.org

or at the box office the day of the performance

SEE UPDATES ON THE EVENT SITE: http://www.moderecords.com/benefit.html

source: All I Know³





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November 15, 2009, 8:24pm

Silent Revolution

Text

Article by Margaret Leng Tan

Source: Andante online classical music magazine

In August 1988, Lincoln Center Out of Doors presented a joyous “Cage Alfresco” with simultaneous performances lasting into the evening. I remember vividly being one of eight pianists stationed at upright pianos around the reflecting pool performing Winter Music in the heat of the summer. Amid the swirl of activity in the Plaza, John Cage presented a version of his 1962 composition, 0’00”, a “solo to be performed in any way by anyone.” What appears on first impression as an invitation to unbridled self-expression is quickly dispelled by the conditions which the score goes on to stipulate: 0’0” does not call for the performance of a musical composition but rather of “a disciplined action in a situation provided with maximum amplification … fulfilling in whole or part an obligation to others.” For this particular occasion, Cage wrote a letter of recommendation with a microphone placed in the immediate vicinity of his fountain pen so that every stroke and scratch on the paper became painstakingly audible.

For myself, 0’0” presented the perfect means of escape from the cloistered confines of High Art. I became an artist with a practical mission and my interpretation of 0’0”, which I performed as a first anniversary memorial tribute to Cage, allowed me to flex my muscles as a zealous animal rights activist. I stamped info-leaflets with the slogans “The Agony of Fur” and “Toy Pianos Don’t Kill Elephants.” My work surface was amplified so that each stamp resounded like a gunshot. The leaflets were then distributed to my captive audience.

0’0” was written for Yoko Ono and Toshi Ichiyanagi, key figures in the burgeoning Fluxus movement of the ’60s which naturally regarded Cage as the wellspring of their inspiration. Contrary to being an incitement to anarchy, 0’0” was, and remains, a call for artists to assume social responsibility, a summons that has been heeded by the generation of artists that has emerged from the ivory towers since Cage paved the way four decades ago.

While he believed that artists had an ethical obligation, Cage always remained apolitical, stalwart in his conviction that government is extraneous and actually a hindrance to the efficient functioning of society. A case in point is his frighteningly prescient In the Name of the Holocaust from 1942, which I recorded on my albums “Sonic Encounters” and “Daughters of the Lonesome Isle.” When I asked him about the political inferences, he side-stepped my question, stating that he had come up with the title simply as a pun on “In the Name of the Holy Ghost.”

2002 is an important year for John Cage devotees. It is the tenth anniversary of his death, the ninetieth anniversary of his birth, and this August will mark a half-century since Cage’s legendary silent piece, 4’33”, was introduced to the world. Within the sylvan setting of the aptly named Maverick Concert Hall in Woodstock, New York, the pianist David Tudor sat at the piano with a stopwatch without playing but implying — by the opening and closing of the keyboard lid — that the work had three movements whose respective durations amounted to four minutes and 33 seconds.

In his book, Silence, Cage wrote, “There is no such thing as an empty space or an empty time. There is always something to see, something to hear. In fact, try as we may to make a silence, we cannot … sounds occur whether intended or not.” With audacious courage, Cage then proceeded to redefine the parameters of silence to encompass “all the sounds we don’t intend.”

4’33”, the quintessential masterpiece of Conceptual Art, is alive and well even as I write this in the third floor study room of the Lincoln Center Library for the Performing Arts, where silence is de rigueur. I am enjoying the lively spontaneous performance of 4’33” that is taking place with the ostinato hum of the air-conditioning system punctuated by fingers tapping incessant rhythms on computer keyboards and the occasional murmur of distant voices. I have become simultaneously performer and spectator in a work whose prescribed duration of four minutes and 33 seconds is intended simply to provide a structure — temporal training wheels — to help initiate us into the process of listening to the ever-changing, never-ceasing music of the environment captured in what Cage liked to call the “Now-moment.”

In addition to 4’33”, 1952 also saw the creation of Water Music for a pianist using, among other objects, an assortment of whistles (including a siren and a duck call), water, and the radio. An extremely precise collage of real-world sounds, no two performances are alike because there is always something different on the radio. Water Music is an affirmation of Cage’s long-standing belief in the synonymity of art, life and theater. Along with the famous untitled event Cage staged at Black Mountain College in North Carolina in the same year, Water Music became the impetus for performance art, happenings and multimedia in the ensuing decades. Cage’s incorporation of the radio into his compositions of the 1940s and 1950s was an uncanny anticipation of the ghetto blaster as an American street phenomenon decades later. Equally impressive was his 1937 prediction that music would be produced through the aid of electrical instruments. (I refer to the lecture “The Future of Music: Credo” in Silence).

Whenever I practice Water Music, I am amazed anew that the piece is a microcosm of the world outside. Linger in the street below my open window on a late summer day and you can enjoy first-hand virtually all the sounds employed in the piece: water gushing from the hydrants, the occasional arpeggio emanating forth (yes, the pianist plays arpeggios in Water Music), the geese flying over Prospect Park, and of course the ubiquitous radio and the sirens screaming up the avenue.

The truth of the matter is, John Cage’s presence has permeated the fabric of our lives even while we remain largely oblivious to its impact. American to the core, Cage liberated 20th-century American musical culture from the weight and shadow of the mighty European tradition and gave American artists the confidence to be themselves. The musical developments of our time cannot be understood without taking into account his music and his ideas. In essence, we are all Cage’s spiritual children.

He gave me the courage to explore the piano in adventurous new ways with his most famous invention, the prepared piano, as my springboard. His slyly simple yet sophisticated Suite for Toy Piano revealed to me an exciting new instrument with hitherto untapped possibilities. (I recorded it on “Daughters of the Lonesome Isle” and “The Seasons.”) Most importantly, however, is Cage’s approach to living as summed up in his writings, notably Silence, the bible of many artists in my generation. I shall never forget the first time I came across his definition of error as “simply a failure to adjust immediately from a preconception to an actuality.” And even while I miss his sage and sanguine presence, there is solace to be gleaned from his conviction that “Life goes on very well without me, and that will explain to you my silent piece, 4’33” …. One need not fear about the future of music.”

John Cage would be the first to acknowledge his heroes: Thoreau, Meister Eckhart, Marcel Duchamp, James Joyce, Buckminster Fuller — revolutionary thinkers all. But Cage stands alone in his all-encompassing sphere of influence on the arts and philosophy of the mid- and late-twentieth century. Arnold Schoenberg called him an “inventor of genius;” it will be a long while before there emerges another of his stature.





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November 09, 2009, 6:55pm

Photograph

John Cage and unidentified cat (ca. 1990?)
source: West Virginia Public Broadcasting blog

John Cage and unidentified cat (ca. 1990?)

source: West Virginia Public Broadcasting blog





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November 03, 2009, 4:54pm

Video

John Cage, A Flower (1950)

Performed by Cathy Berberian and members of Venice’s La Fenice Orchestra, Sept 11, 1967.

source: Wellesz





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October 12, 2009, 7:34pm

Video

John Cage, Second Construction

performed by Kroumata Percussion Ensemble

source: bartje11





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October 06, 2009, 8:06pm

Photograph

John Cage and Merce Cunningham.
Photo by Steven Mark Needham / Associated Press
Source: Chicago Tribune

John Cage and Merce Cunningham.

Photo by Steven Mark Needham / Associated Press

Source: Chicago Tribune





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October 04, 2009, 7:30pm

Quote
“You never saw just technique with Merce dancing. There was this amazing person with amazing energy and something that went beyond steps. I never saw Merce do any steps. He was dancing. And what I see so often—even though I don’t go to dance so much anymore—is a lot of incredible technique and it touches me not at all. I’m not moved. I don’t care.”

— Carolyn Brown, in an interview with Gia Kourlas about her recent (and excellent!) book Chance and Circumstance. Go to Time Out New York for the rest of the interview.





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September 09, 2009, 9:21am

A short excerpt from Peter Dickinson’s interview with Merce Cunningham, to be found in "CageTalk" published by the University of Rochester Press

Chat
  • PD: You took part in the happening at Black Mountain College in 1952. What was it like?
  • MC: I don’t know in detail what the others did. There were about five or six of us—Bob Rauschenberg, John, David Tudor, myself, I think M. C. Richards and maybe another person. I’m sure John has described this, but we each simply did what we did. That is, I danced around through the public, which sat in the center with aisles between. It was a kind of agreed-upon length of time during which these things would take place. There was no connection other than what anybody looking at this could make. All these things were separate, and everybody was sitting facing a different way so that they would see or hear something in a different way. It wasn’t all fixed so that everybody was to look at it one way. At the end of it they brought out coffee or something! [laughs]
  • PD: Did it feel like something that would have reverberations right through the 1960s?
  • MC: No. And it didn’t have a name. It was just something we did. Later they called them happenings. It was an idea about theater that John had — that anything could be theater. It can, depending on how you act or think about it. It doesn’t have to have a reference, a meaning, or a connection. It can simply take place.
  • PD: John’s ideas open up the skies, don’t they?
  • MC: Yes, a large mind open to so many kinds of things. His reactions to things have often been so amazing to me.




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August 19, 2009, 3:59pm